Bonds and Forces

Elements bond with each other to form molecules. Naturally, molecules want to be at a lower energy state to become more stable. Bonds make this possible.

Amino Acids
- - Structure and classification of amino acids
  - Properties of amino acids
  - Essential and non-essential amino acids
  - Polar and non-polar amino acids
  - Acidic and basic amino acids
  - Amino acid sequencing
  - Peptide bond formation
Protein Structure and Function
- - Primary, secondary, tertiary, and quaternary structure of proteins
  - Protein folding and stability
  - Denaturation of proteins
  - Protein-protein interactions
  - Enzymes and catalysis
  - Enzyme kinetics
  - Allosteric enzymes
  - Protein domains and motifs
Protein Synthesis
- - Transcription and translation
  - Genetic code
  - tRNA and aminoacyl-tRNA synthetases
  - Ribosomes and ribosomal RNA
  - Protein targeting and transport
  - Post-translational modifications of proteins
Proteomics
- - Proteome and proteomics
  - Two-dimensional gel electrophoresis
  - Mass spectrometry
  - Protein-protein interaction analysis
  - Structural proteomics
Protein Engineering
- - Rational protein design
  - Directed evolution
  - Protein expression systems
  - Protein purification techniques
  - Biophysical techniques for protein characterization
Diseases Related to Proteins
- - Protein misfolding diseases
  - Amyloidosis
  - Prion diseases
  - Proteopathies
  - Protein aggregation
  - Protein-losing enteropathy

Why Electrons Pair With Other Atoms

Atoms seek stability.

Elements gain or loose electrons to attain an electron configuration (distribution of electrons of an atom or molecule) of the nearest noble gas. Noble gases are the most stable atoms because their outer-most shell is completely filled with electrons.

Woman gain and loose electrons to attain an electron configuration their friends and family approve of in some cultures, woman also don't need someone else's approval in who they mate with, usually it's someone noble or intelligent, or someone who meet's your DNA's standards and upbringing. Noble gases are those who have everything you would want, but they don’t want you because they got their life together, and you’re still searching for someone.

Periodic Table:

Molecule

A molecule is created by the joining of two or more atoms.

Any atom joined with another atom is considered a molecule. All known living cells are made up of molecules containing carbon. Water (H₂O) is a an example of a molecule required to sustain life.

They're different types of relationships, some are hot, some are stable, and others may get you wet, like (H₂O). (H₂O) is a molecule, which is any atom joined with another atom, hopefully the two aren't related like you see in some human populations with their 4th cousin. Other examples include Cheetahs, a highly inbred species, which will be of interest when you thinking of cellular compatibility.

Molecule

How Molecules are Formed

Two or more atoms are needed to produce a molecule.

To bond and form a molecule, each atom must be seeking stability in its number of electrons. There are two ways for atoms to achieve the proper number of electrons: an atom can “take” an electron as in an ionic bond, or they can “share” electrons as in a covalent bond. For example, Sodium (Na) and Chlorine (Cl) bond together because Sodium loses an electron and Chlorine has the electron needed to replace it. This forms the molecule NaCl, or table salt.

To get yourself a bestie, you need to find an atom that suits your personality, it helps to be attractive. There are two ways to form a relationship and it depends on the atom. Sometimes you need to pull, other times you can share.

Sodium Chloride (NaCl):

Molecules and Bonds Ionic Bond — Molecules and Bonds H2O Molecule Graphic with hydrogen atom on left and right side of oxygen atom

Types of Atomic Bonds

There are three types of atomic bonds: Nonpolar covalent, Polar covalent, and Ionic.

An atomic bond is the link between atoms created by the attraction between positive and negative charges. Specifically, the positive charge of a nucleus and the negative charge of electrons allows different atoms to gain or lose electrons to form three kinds of bonds. The types of bonds found in molecules do not belong to just one category, though they are often talked about as different concepts. In actuality, bonds range from the highly covalent to highly ionic. Electronegativity plays a role in the type of bonds formed. Electronegativity is the measure of attraction between electrons and an atom.

Non-polar Covalent Bond: electron shared equally

Polar Covalent Bond: electron shared unequally

Ionic Bond: electron transferred

An atomic bond is like a big black dildo, theirs always enough for two people to share. Attraction between each other determines your bond. If you're really attractive you tend to form bonds with many people some of which may be more negative than others but it's important to stay positive. Some guys are endowed with a larger attractive force than others it’s not their fault but keep in mind it doesnt matter as long as your attracted to one another. Covalent bonds are those in which you share the dildo, while ionic bonds are those in which one person uses it while another get nothing in return. Electronegativity is the measure of how often this type of atom is getting laid.

Bond Electronegativity

Molecules and Bond Types Ionic — GRAPHIC

Non-polar Covalent Bond

Molecules and Bond Types Nonpolar — GRAPHIC

Polar Covalent Bond

Molecules and Bond Types Polar graphic diagram — Polar Covalent Bond

Ionic Bond

Nonpolar Covalent Bonds

Nonpolar covalent bonds have identical or very similar electronegativities.

Nonpolar covalent bonds are formed by sharing electrons equally (or nearly equally) between atoms. When bonding, these types of atoms cannot attract electrons away from each other.

A nonpolor covalent bond is an equally shared dildo or dick (represented by a black line –), sometimes – aren't the same size so this is what equally or nearly equally means. Another way of thinking of it is she just got a new strap–on and is feeling acute or poignant.

Non-polar Covalent Bond

Polar Covalent Bonds

A polar covalent bond is formed when there is a large difference in the electronegativities of the atoms involved.

When the difference between atomic electronegativity is great, the electrons spend most of their time around the atom with the stronger electronegativity. This creates a polarity.

Polar covalent bonds is your basic relationships, shes got an itch and she wants you to scratch it. Together you will consume lots of food and nourish others. Chlorine wears the pants in the relationship, Hydrogen doesn't mind, he's just spinning around with their electron pointed toward Chlorine.

Polar Covalent Bond

Ionic Bonds

Ionic bonds are stable due to the attraction between ions of opposite charges.

When an atom or group of atoms which carries a charge, known as an ion, loses one or more electrons, it is known as a cation (pronounced cat-ion). When an ion gains electron(s) it is known as an anion (pronounced an-ion). The complementary nature of cations and anions creates ionic bonds between those atoms.

Ionic bonds are fuck boys, they get their side of sushi and it's yummy but the fish is now "dead" inside which makes her feel a bit salty, or she's smart enough not to be bothered by it.

Ionic Bond:

Molecules-and-Bonds-Ionic-Bond

Negative and positive charges attract:

Molecules-and-Bonds-Ionic-Bonding

Negative-negative charges and positive-positive charges repel:

Molecules-and-Bonds-Ionic-Bonding

Anion (-) When an atom’s outer electron shell is more than half-ﬁlled, the atom will gain electrons and form negatively charged ions called anions.

Chloride

Molecules-and-Bonds-Chloride

Iodine

Molecules-and-Bonds-Iodine

Sulfide

Molecules-and-Bonds-Sulfide

Cation (⁺) In general, an atom whose outer electron shell is less than half-ﬁlled will lose electrons and form positively charged ions, called cations.

Sodium

Molecules-and-Bonds-Sodium

Potassium

Molecules-and-Bonds-Potassium

Calcium

Molecules-and-Bonds-Calcium

Types of Weak Intermolecular Forces

There are two major types of weak intermolecular forces which are also referred to as bonds, though that term is somewhat of a misnomer. These two important forces are hydrogen bonds and Van der Waals forces.

Dancing is a weak intermolecular force, you dance good enough who knows where you’ll end up. When you shake that booty, people tend to orient themselves in your direction. But you’ve done this before and your particular about who you give eye-contact too, you dont want to attract the wrong type. For non covalent interactions, you can think of elemental interactions as 1st, 2nd, 3rd, and Home Plate, while covalent bonds are relationships that get stronger depending on the relationship.

Relative Energies:

Molecules-and-Bonds-Calcium

You may not want to take home a refrigerator magnet that you met at a bar to your mom. Unless there name is Van Der Waal.

Hydrogen Bonds, Electrostatic forces and Van Der Waals’ forces are best explained as magnets that get smaller and smaller as you might imagine. The smaller they get the less they pull or push. People are similar, some know their electromagnetism, while others walk by with a gaze. Attraction is woven through everything. Even light the thing first thought was different than matter has an affect on attraction. Shine bright and someone may find their way to you. Attraction displays itself in many ways, not just a pretty face.

Some people are extremely attractive and you may think what else or who else do they attract? Some elements do better than others due to their composition. Metals are neat, the excess of electrons on their surface enable them to heat up really fast and provide ripples of electrons that power just about anything positive. Metals are diverse, Titanium, a light-weight extremely strong metal provides the means to travel faster than sound. Alloyed to prevent other elements from breaking down and even finds itself in works of 20th century painters, and scene all over the world. When anodized can cause optical interference and bright colors, a phenomenon in which multiple waves bouncing off the surface are combined in such as way that they are further amplified. "Her wave just traveled thru space-time. Does she know how to watch it ripple?"

Draw a bath, put some soap in, blow a few bubbles and watch as light bounces causing multi-colored waves. That’s light interference. "Is it just you? You sure you have enough light?"

Titanium is also good a dispersing heat also known as a very high index of refraction, it can also be submerged because it doesn’t rust not to mention rigid.

So why does Titanium behave this way? It's because it has 22 neutrons. Vanadium with 23 and Scandium with 21 doesn't come close to what Titanium can do. Every element is different and provides a different range of behaviors. The difference of 1 neutron may seem inconsequential or so minute to not have a substantial effect. However, if something so minute has a substantial effect, then its paradoxical.

Bicycle

Nucleic Acid mRNA Cap Structure — GRAPHIC

What does a Paradox and a 28 day cycle have in common? They’re cyclical. How can something so small and inconsequential have such a substantial effect? A Paradox is cyclical, if A travels to B and then B travels to A then it's a cycle. B traveling to point A and back is also a cycle. 28 day cycles are fun too just got to get over the 14 day hump then it’s smooth sailing, with the sun behind you.

Hydrogen Bonding

“Hydrogen bonds” are not chemical bonds such as ionic and covalent. They are a weak force bridging different molecules containing hydrogen

Hydrogen bonds can also be a weak force within a single molecule as in the cases of proteins and nucleic acids.

The hydrogen bond is important to all organisms. A hydrogen atom is commonly covalently bonded to oxygen or nitrogen atoms. These covalent bonds typically form positively charged molecules which attract other oxygen atoms, nitrogen atoms, or other negatively charged molecules via hydrogen bonds. The new attractions are hydrogen bonds which are weak and do not bond into larger molecules themselves. A dotted line is used to represent hydrogen bonds in diagrams.

The weak hydrogen bonds act as bridges between molecules or various portions of the same molecule. Water molecules are the simplest example of a hydrogen-bonded molecules which attract other molecules with a force even weaker than a hydrogen bond. Proteins and nucleic acids primarily get their stability and structure from hydrogen bonds.

Hydrogen bonds is a group of people on the dance floor moving to the music in a fluid manner. In this example its a near equal ratio of men and women moving together, three dudes realizing they're dancing near each other will move to the nearest women to form a hydrogen bond, this person’s facial expression says I'm interested and not interested at the same time, so you just start moving around them. Another way of thinking of it is a group of swingers find themselves on the dance floor. Each group has a long history so they feel free to go explore, but because water is essentially a threesome theirs times when one person is feeling left out and gravitates to another group where someone is also feeling left out. This person is considering his options and so is the other person, which causes all the other couples to do the same thing. This cascade of possibility yet not wanting to ruin a good thing enables a fluid structure that Nulceic acids utilize as a primary source of stability. Do the couples remain together or go their separate ways as hydronium and hydroxide?